3D Printers - Different Types of Modern 3D Printer Technologies

Modern 3D printer technologies use a printing process that creates 3D objects with a 3D printer. This is also known as additive manufacturing. The printer will produce a prototype of an object. In addition, the 3D printer is affordable, user friendly and quicker than other technologies. Also, it is possible with this type of technology to print parts of a material in a single process. Nowadays, 3D printers are more affordable for small and medium scale businesses. Businesses are able to use rapid prototyping at their office location.

Before the development of the 3D technology, it was a lengthy process to develop a prototype of a material. During this time, it would take expensive tools, man power and machinery to create a model of a product. With the development of rapid prototyping, it became more affordable for businesses to develop a model.

Inkjet printing is one form of the faster types of modern 3D printing technologies that prints models or prototypes in color. Inkjet printing uses power to be creative and develop a shape. Many biotech firms and academies are looking at using 3D technology for tissue engineering purposes. In addition, organs and body parts are created using inkjet printing. Also, the creations of the body parts are created in one production. This type of technology can help with organ replacements like a hip replacement. The artificial body part created with this process will have the same dimensions as the original body part. This field of technology is called computer aided tissue engineering, organ printing or bio printing.

Other 3D technologies

Some other 3D technologies are 3D scanning. In addition, 3D scanning is the duplication of a factual object without help of a molding method. Other applications of 3D technology can be used to create furniture pieces for homes and modern businesses. As well as, this type of technology is used in architectural design. It is very hard to build and glue architectural designs by hand. You will have to handle the pieces with care or risk the possibility of the design being ruined. The development of 3D technology eliminates this problem. 3D technology makes its possible to create a good design with the exact length, shape, size, width and form. Also, you will be able to evaluate project and the ability see a finished model before the project is completed.

Many schools and university are using 3d technology to teach their students about developing and designing models. This is a good advantage for students because students will learn how to use high end technologies. Also, the students will push designing to the next level with 3D technology. Some of the advantages of this type of technology are the ability to create quick results and its user friendly. Modern 3D printer technologies can save on time and cost to produce a single model of a product.

Top 10 Drug Delivery Technologies 2010 to 2015

More than 25% of the marketed drugs fail to provide expected commercial returns due to drug distribution and absorption levels within the body (pharmacokinetics) therefore signifying the importance of drug delivery systems. Rapid enhancements in drug discovery technologies have lead to developments in proteomics and genomics and had a greater impact on drug delivery technology market. The changing market trends, with quick cycle of innovations have compelled market participants to clearly understand changing dynamics and focus on emerging technology and enhance market positions in terms of revenues, growth and geographical presence.
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

• To define and measure drug delivery market and its various sub-segments with respect to types of systems, by mode of drug delivery, by therapeutics and others.
• To identify major drivers and restraints of the market
• To evaluate comprehensively all drug delivery technologies and benchmark them against various parameters to identify top ten technologies.
• To identify and analyze comprehensively market structure with respect to the factors influencing market growth and industry specific challenges.
• To analyze trends and forecasts of drug delivery market and its segments
• To identify major stakeholders in the market and draw a competitive landscape for market leaders for each of the drug delivery technology market.
• To analyze opportunities in the market for stakeholders
• To strategically analyze micro markets with respect to their individual growth trends, future prospects and contribution to the total market
• To understand regulatory framework, design criteria, pricing issues, threat from alternative methods available in the market.
• To analyze and forecast revenues of market segments with respect to geographies (North America, Europe, Asia and Rest of the World
• To provide comprehensive analysis of top players in the drug delivery technology market.
• To effectively scope out and justify evaluation and provide sufficient basis of ranking top ten drug delivery technologies.

SCOPE AND FORMAT
The report intensively evaluates drug delivery technologies with respect to revenues, growth, therapeutic areas, patents registered and industry focus to arrive at top 10 drug delivery technologies. The key drug delivery technologies discussed in the report are:

• Oral drug delivery technologies
• Injectable drug delivery technologies
• Pulmonary drug delivery technologies
• Transdermal drug delivery technologies
• Other drug delivery technologies

The report also focuses on the emerging drug delivery technologies and mechanisms.
INTENDED AUDIENCES

• Drug delivery technology – manufacturers, suppliers and dealers
• Pharmaceutical and biotech companies
• Healthcare providers
• Potential investors in the drug delivery technology market

INFORMATION SOURCES
Each of the section will provide market data, market drivers, trends and opportunities, top-selling products, key players, and competitive outlook. This report will also provide market tables for various geographic regions covering sub segments and micro markets. In addition the report also provides 40 companies. Key market developments will be sourced from the top companies that are profiled. Secondary research will progress through both paid and unpaid sources. We will conduct primary research to provide in-depth understanding of the market.

Earning a Technology Degree Online

An Overview of Technology Distance Education
One of the more in-demand degrees today is in the field of technology and IT, and the variety of college and university programs on the internet have made it easier to earn a technology degree online. In fact, some the institutions are strictly technology oriented schools. You can be certified, or you can go for a bachelor's, masters, or even a doctorate degree in technology online at a variety of online colleges and universities.
Earning a Technology degree online will help you build a detailed understanding of the functions and processes of code development, computer design, and programming methods. Students enrolled in Technology degree programs online can expect to improve their communication skills, critical thinking, and their technical competency within the workplace through both case analysis studies and hands-on experience.
Career Possibilities
New career opportunities in computer-related sciences and information technology are opening up all the time in the job market, not just in the US, but internationally as well. Just as there is a broad array of career paths in computers and technology to select from, there are just as many certificate and degree programs offered online. Whether you're endeavouring to start a new career or just further your current career, there are numerous accredited Technology degrees available online.
The following list (though far from complete) reflects a small sample of the career technology areas:

• Applications Programming
• Communications
• Computer Design
• Computer Hardware
• Computer Manufacturing
• Computer Programming
• Data Mining
• Data Storage
• Database Administration
• Database Systems
• E-Commerce
• Game Design
• Information Architecture
• Information Management
• Information Systems
• Networks
• Network Security
• Operating Systems
• Software Design
• Systems Analysis
• Telecommunications
• Web Development

Top-Rated Technology Distance Education Programs
The wide array of computer science and information technology degree programs available online today is literally staggering. The following is a list of the six most sought after programs in the Technology distance education arena:
Online Degrees in Graphics and Multimedia:

• game design
• graphics and multimedia

Online Degrees in Information Systems Operation and Management:

• information assurance
• information systems
• information systems security
• information technology
• technical management
• vendor certifications

Online Degrees in Networking:

• computer networking
• network administration
• network security
• telecommunications

Online Degrees in Programming and Software Development:

• computer and software engineering
• computer programming
• computer science

Online Degrees in Training and Support:

• technical writing

Online Degrees in Web Design and Internet:

• internet technologies
• web design
• web development

Reasons for Technology Distance Education Popularity
Certificate and degree programs in the field of technology are among some of the most popular offered online today for three key reasons:

• Online classrooms offered in technology distance education are ideal because they offer interactive media in a computer-based curriculum

• Best-practices, standards, and technology platforms oftentimes change quickly and technology distance education materials have been designed to be updated continually in order to enable the student to stay ahead of the learning curve

• Career opportunities and technology specializations are continually expanding their focus and accredited colleges and universities now offer the most comprehensive array of certificate and degree programs available

The History of Bluetooth Technology

Bluetooth is a wireless technology that is built into electronic gadgets. It lets you talk and share information like music, voice, and videos wirelessly. Bluetooth technology uses radio waves just like mobile phones, television, and FM radio. The difference between those devices and Bluetooth technology is distance.
Radios and television broadcast too many people over many miles. Bluetooth technology just sends information to your personal space. This personal space is called PAN, Personal Area Network. This goes up to a distance of 33 feet.
If you read in a product's description the word Bluetooth, this means the product has a piece of hardware or a small computer chip that contains the Bluetooth radio. It also contains software that lets the user, the person who has the product, connect that product to other products that are using Bluetooth technology.  This connection is wireless.
The technology used by Bluetooth relates back to discoveries pioneered in the 1940's by the military. The engineers at a Swedish company called Ericsson invented the Bluetooth technology in 1994. A group of companies, in 1998, worked together to connect their products using Bluetooth technology.
Seeing that the Bluetooth technology worked, the companies formed the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). This organization is devoted to maintaining this technology. Bluetooth technology is not owned by a single company but the members of the Bluetooth SIG all work together to develop the technology.
When SIG came into existence, Bluetooth was the code word for SIG. They designed Bluetooth technology to allow collaboration between different industries. An example of this collaboration is automotive markets and mobile phones.
Bluetooth technology was originally meant to be a replacement for the cables and wires between things like a mouse and a computer keyboard. Although it works great in those types of devices, Bluetooth Technology can do so much more. It can connect televisions, music players, and home care devices.
As the Bluetooth technology matures, people can create connections that were not possible with cables and wires. You can now connect your mobile phone to your car stereo, or print a picture from your camera phone.
Bluetooth technology will let you monitor your pulse, speed, and steps as you work out jogging, walking, or running. More than 13,000 companies are developing innovative products using Bluetooth technology. These innovative products range from wacky to wondrous and promise to make our lives more fun and easier.
If you are one of those people who like to talk on their cell phone and drive, Bluetooth technology is working to make it safer to do so. They are developing wireless headsets and hands free car systems using Bluetooth Technology. These hands free car systems are being developed to use speech recognition, and "speech trigger," which is the ability to turn on a hands free device with a voice command.
As you can see, you can find Bluetooth technology in almost all of the products we use on a day-to-day basis, and more is being developed every day.

Small Business and Technology

Traditional business management has had to make room for a new facet of business: technology. Through the years traditional business management has had to marry its strategies with the proliferation of technology where every business owner from Starbuck's to Jim's Auto has had to incorporate technology into its everyday operations.

The problem is that in the late nineties business believed technology was going to be the solution for every business problem, but it wasn't until recently that business managers realized that technology will fail if not implemented properly. That is, traditional business management must seamlessly marry itself with technology.

Traditional business management is pretty self-explanatory; it's managing business through traditional methods that have been used for many years. Traditional business management takes into account all aspects of running a business, large or small. Whether it is a million-dollar company or a billion-dollar company, all companies run the same. Those traditional methods incorporate three aspects of business: sales and marketing strategies, efficient operation and production methods, and manageable finances (SG&A). I believe all businesses should pay attention to these areas of business management.

So, now you have this traditional business model to think of, and you also have to think that the model has incorporated technology. You see, managing a business is not as easy as it sounds, and I know you have never looked at your business in this way before.

Believe it or not, graduate schools teach this stuff and larger companies obviously have the money to pay someone to think of this stuff. But most businesses do make the mistake in believing technology will solve all of their business problems. This is simply not true; technology cannot solve every business problem.

Many large corporations install and implement technology as quickly and arbitrarily as they would a new desk or a new lamp, not taking into consideration the stress new technology places on both business processes and human nature. Humans inherently do not like change, especially at the work place where they might feel as they might lose their job or were not consulted in helping determine which technology is best for their task or function.

Business processes do not like change either as the processes a business must go through to operate are much more complex than people might think. Most technology consultants want to "go live" with their implementation as soon as they can so they can share the praise of a successful launch. What most technology consultants don't realize is that their eagerness to "sell" the job puts a business in a precarious operational bind.

It only makes sense to understand that as technology can be customized and most business processes cannot, basic technology implementations will hurt a business' process as opposed to helping.

Some of the technology solutions out there can be very complex and some can be very simple. For example, I recently helped a client realize that developing a method of capturing labor time per phase of each of their projects allowed them to better understand and account for costs associated to labor and materials, per project. This allowed their sales team better cost data related to profit margins required per project. Initially the client was looking to spend money on purchasing one of those electronic card readers that each of his employees would have to swipe as they moved from station to station. We were able to solve his process issue at half the cost of that electronic clock by simply creating a custom process document from Microsoft Excel. The fact that the clock was not customizable would require the business processes to change just to accommodate the clock.

In this case we are trying to convey the importance of understanding your business and its processes before you move into technology. It is less expensive and less burdensome on your business processes. What we accomplished in the case above was that we were able to 'tweak' the business processes at will, where had we purchased the clock, we would have been forced to comply with what the clock required, not the business.

In the late nineties the hype of technology and the Internet fueled the belief that plugging technology into your business or developing your business around technology was the best way to run a business. A great example was WebVan and HomeGrocer.

These companies spent over a hundred-million venture capital dollars building the infrastructure that was going to give them the warehouse space to buy food products to fill all the customer orders that were to come via the Internet.

The mistake was that the company put all of its money into the assumption that its idea would work because the American grocery shopper was ready to buy groceries online via state-of-the-art technology. The orders never came.

Actually, the orders did come; the problem was that both companies were in so much debt because they couldn't generate interests in their business model and they went out of business.

Today, the traditional grocery chains such as Albertson's and Vons in the western U.S. have capitalized on earlier business models and realized their traditional way of doing business could was a great foundation to build their technology around their current processes.

I had the privilege of touring the WebVan warehouse in Oakland, California. It was impressive. If I remember correctly, it was an 80,000 square foot building equipped with a technologically advanced conveyer belt system worth millions of dollars. It looked like the inside of a United Parcel Service (UPS) warehouse, but much more expensive. For those who have never seen the inside of a UPS warehouse, it is just a bunch of conveyer belts.

Interestingly, about 50 people were milling around the WebVan warehouse; their main task was making sure the computers were pulling the right products and putting them on the conveyer belts. Great operation, but they ran out of money after just a little over a year.
So, what failed here, technology or money? Lack of money failed at WebVan, and lack of money fails almost every business that goes out of business. Lack of money fails business due to lack of business knowledge.

Business owners, make sure that you understand technology and that it can be customized and should be customized to meet your business process requirements. You can see the most successful implementation of technology in companies such as Wal-Mart and Toyota and we can see failures in technology such as WebVan.

We make sure we know how our business operates and what those operations require when making your businesses more efficient and effective. We look at understanding what your business requires before we recommend technology.
In the long run, you'll spend less and profit more.

The Strategic Planning of Technology Education Edit Article

                              Technological Planning

      Strategic technological planning is based on what constitutes  technology in modern society. The retention of educational products serves the purpose of conservatism and pragmatic values and approach. Change of these products and information are preserved in our institutions. This change is pragmatic to the management of the institutions or societies. The information age is a co-existence of values and desire. The philosophical entity composed of resources and performance. The composition of information is the entity of products in the global market. The consistency of products is base on the magnitudes of the information obtained from the past and present.

           Models and consistencies are aligned with extensive extenuation of objectivity in technology. With the extenuation of objectives, there are subjectivities to innovations. The past may be subjective to the development of the modern. Educational products, including curriculum, and information are inter-changeable commodities in technological society. The aspect of globalization is empowered through local development of external entities. The adaptability of external local entity serves as philosophical globalization.

            The configuration of external foreign entities, such as tools of the past era results in commonwealth of technology. Technological posterity serves as the philosophical view of the modern. As a result of technological innovation there is a prowess in the dark of perspective and convenience. Information are internally and externally exposed and stored technologically. The values of products and information are the logical dwellings of philosophical abstracts of technology.

            The transcendence of technology materials depends on innovation of both the present and past era in order to attain sophistication and adaptability.  This presents the future with lasting and endurance of educational tools in our institutions. Technology is adeptly the invigoration of educational expertise in our society. The combinations of know how, when and why will be attributed to the development and enhancement of technology tools and their awareness.

            We must adhere to the improvements of the previous and the modern, as well as gear towards new developments in our institution.  Education serves as a purpose for improvements of knowledge and the physical perspectives of the well being. The institutions of higher learning undergo changes in the light of technological innovations and the call for in depth knowledge of the circumstances. Thus education is a continuous and infinitely eloquent subject in our institution and in our society as a whole.                          

          

Design and Technology, as many teachers would agree, is one of the most interesting, vibrant and rewarding subjects to teach at school. By its very nature, teachers and students alike are taken on a continual journey through the fascinations of today's industry to a peek filled with anticipation of the technologies of tomorrow. From topics like product development, manufacturing and food technology, to the excitement of space and time travel, unlike many conventional subjects, Design and Technology is one which requires the utmost charisma from the most dynamic of teachers. A wide array of subjects is covered in one and teachers are undoubtedly kept on their toes, keeping up with new advances in technologies which inevitably bring constant changes to the curriculum. The rewards in return, do, for certain, outweigh the hard work, however. Never ending opportunities for teachers to share their enthusiasm and utilise their creativity to the max brings no shortage of enthralling experiences for students, who are only too keen to learn. Design and Technology teachers are hot property in schools and benefit from competitive salaries, fantastic training and great prospects for rapid progression. On the job, they enjoy the support of technicians and other teaching assistants to help students though their practical and theoretical assignments. Strong team work is involved with shared ideas for learning among departmental staff with the support and backing of senior colleagues. It's a job that is highly regarded from the start, with trainee design and technology teachers even enjoying enhanced financial support to help them through their training. GCSE Design and Technology offers a wide range of topics from electronics and resistant materials to textiles, graphics and food technology, covering areas like environmental impacts of electronics, nutrition and the influences of food technology, as well as product design, manufacturing the legal and moral issues surrounding product design. A level Design and Technology students get the opportunity to explore topics even further and are required to sit a written exam covering areas like product lifecycle, environmental sustainability, and computer aided design (CAD). A level Design and Technology, in addition, offers pupils a chance to build a portfolio of design work and/or a single larger "design and make" project, all with the help and support of the Design and Technology teacher, the technician and other teaching assistants in the team. Design and Technology truly is a special subject to teach, with endless rewards and learning opportunities for teachers and pupils alike. The inventors of tomorrow could be sitting in these classrooms. It's difficult to imagine a career that rivals this, the opportunity to be preparing kids for a potential big break into an adventurous career.

In this day and age of vast information exchange and technological advancement, we search for the fastest and easiest way to accomplish our everyday endeavors. With the current rate of technological growth and advancements one must make an effort to stay abreast of what's new and exciting in the market. With every eighteen months the processing speeds of our computers doubles. It's no wonder our cell phones, personal computers, and televisions are short lived as new items in the market place. Yes, we live at a time of rapid pace. We like our groceries delivered to our front door via the internet and our DVD rentals the same way. Our society lives by technologically twisted version of Leonardo De Vinci's famous quote "Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication."(LDV). The combination of several recent developments are going to profoundly change our everyday life in the work place and at home.With the combinations of 3d technology, wireless motion sensor technology, and Wireless electricity our world is traveling down a streamlined path from a science fiction novel.
"The MIT team's preliminary work suggests that this kind of setup could power or recharge all the devices in one room."(TW). The proceeding quote is in regards to Witricity. The wireless electricity advancement developed by a MIT team that will for the most part eliminate wall plugs and cords. This is the amazing not so distant future for Americans. This will enable freedom from use of cord restricted devices or those requiring expensive environmentally damaging batteries. Witricity could recharge your cell phone, power your television remote or, Wii controller.
Another technology recently popularized by Nintendo's Wii gaming console is motion sensory technology. This technology will eventually replace the standard computer mouse. Perhaps by a glove or fingertip apparatuses it will be commonly utilized in all computer interface technologies in the future.  To make things even more interesting the current 3d television monitors recently on the market can be used (once the software is developed) with the motion sensory technology. Collaboration of these two technologies would create great possibilities for the end user. Some of the uses that come to mind are engineering design models, teaching sciences such as chemistry, physics, or biology. Other uses in which the combo would be advantageous are Industrial Process Planning, interactive Geographic Information systems, and virtual reality gaming.

In conclusion, we are going to be in a world of interactive active technology and that does not need batteries and where the visual person is going to rule. You may never charge your cell phone again or purchase batteries for your watch ever again. In addition, your laptop will be able to project a 3d image from Google each as you travel through this virtual world with your fingertips. These technological advancements will change our everyday lives forever. Thus, reliance on this these new technological advancements may decrease the competency of fundamental application across the board in the repair fields to the daily user. These are however are not going to be gone into in depth by any means in this report but as we conclude I would like you to think about the next new item you see at the store and consider its reciprocal affect to societies competencies as a whole because of it.
Citing
Wilson, Tracy V..  "How Wireless Power Works"  12 January 2007.  HowStuffWorks.com.  09 September 2010.
"Leonardo da Vinci." BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2010. 9 September. 2010. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:kLmRB_bytqAJ:www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/l/leonardoda107812.html+"Simplicity+is+the+ultimate+sophistication."+~+Leonardo+DaVinci+citing&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

Why Design and Technology teachers are top of their game

Design and Technology, as many teachers would agree, is one of the most interesting, vibrant and rewarding subjects to teach at school.  By its very nature, teachers and students alike are taken on a continual journey through the fascinations of today's industry to a peek filled with anticipation of the technologies of tomorrow.
From topics like product development, manufacturing and food technology, to the excitement of space and time travel, unlike many conventional subjects, Design and Technology is one which requires the utmost charisma from the most dynamic of teachers.  A wide array of subjects is covered in one and teachers are undoubtedly kept on their toes, keeping up with new advances in technologies which inevitably bring constant changes to the curriculum.  The rewards in return, do, for certain, outweigh the hard work, however.  Never ending opportunities for teachers to share their enthusiasm and utilise their creativity to the max brings no shortage of enthralling experiences for students, who are only too keen to learn.
Design and Technology teachers are hot property in schools and benefit from competitive salaries, fantastic training and great prospects for rapid progression.  On the job, they enjoy the support of technicians and other teaching assistants to help students though their practical and theoretical assignments.  Strong team work is involved with shared ideas for learning among departmental staff with the support and backing of senior colleagues.  It's a job that is highly regarded from the start, with trainee design and technology teachers even enjoying enhanced financial support to help them through their training.
GCSE Design and Technology offers a wide range of topics from electronics and resistant materials to textiles, graphics and food technology, covering areas like environmental impacts of electronics, nutrition and the influences of food technology, as well as product design, manufacturing the legal and moral issues surrounding product design.
A level Design and Technology students get the opportunity to explore topics even further and are required to sit a written exam covering areas like product lifecycle, environmental sustainability, and computer aided design (CAD).  A level Design and Technology, in addition, offers pupils a chance to build a portfolio of design work and/or a single larger "design and make" project, all with the help and support of the Design and Technology teacher, the technician and other teaching assistants in the team.
Design and Technology truly is a special subject to teach, with endless rewards and learning opportunities for teachers and pupils alike.  The inventors of tomorrow could be sitting in these classrooms.  It's difficult to imagine a career that rivals this, the opportunity to be preparing kids for a potential big break into an adventurous career.

Technology in our Society

No doubt, technology is increasingly important in the modern world. It is amazing how fasttechnology has been developed. Nearly every major advance was invented in the last century.
These invention are always planned for a positive result, however the negative effects oftendo not become apparent until after the event. These effects will be deal in the followingparagraphs with related materials.
The text, "Whose Life is it Anyway?", by Brian Clark, has clearly illustrated that with thedevelopment of medical technology, people can now have a better quality of life. Moreover,many lives which normally would not survive without the advance in medical treatment can now be artificially prolonged. The central character, Ken Harrison, who becomes a quadriplegicafter a car accident, has met this situation. Nevertheless, it is cruel to ask him to face this life if he does not desire to. He can no longer sculpt, run, move, kiss or have any form of sexual fulfillment. Obviously, his normal life has drifted away. The tendency to sustain people's lives, just because the technology is available, is intolerance under certain circumstances. It is the individual patient who must make a decision about whether to keep himself alive. "What is the point of prolonging a person's biological life if it is obtained at the cost of a serious assault on that person's liberty?" There is probably no simple answer for this question. Any patient's decision should be respected, not based on the fact of all available technologies. This medical technology has the potential for both good and bad results. However, it is very important in today's society.
"Insurance in the Genes" is a piece of valuable material which explores another area in the technological field. Nowadays, genetic engineering essentially plays an important role.Genetic testing can predict a person's biological use-by date, forecasting everything from heart attacks to breast cancer. People can therefore have a basic concept of their health situation and prevent what is going to happen if technology allows them to know this beforehand. "Up until now, only 50 genetic tests have been developed to detect diseases. But within a decade, there will be tests for 5000 diseases." It is a remarkable increase. In the near future, hopefully, genetic testing will be employed to reveal potential health risks.
It is a positive effect of technology in the modern world.Another useful source for the effects of technology in our world is the documentary. On 23 April 1996, SBS broadcasted a film entitled "Weapon: A Battle for Humanity". It recorded that landmines and laser weapons are devils. Evidently, mines do not just shatter individual lives, they also shatter whole communities. In World War II, mines were used to be defensive weapons. However, they do not just only kill soldiers, but also farmers farming, children playing and women collecting food. People in the past or even now have complained about their existence.
Laser weapons have been abused in military field. Militarism plans to install these weapons in war. Their power have been recognized that under a certain condition, laser weapons can result in losing sight. No medical science today can actually give sight back.
Weapons should only be objects of defense. However, because of the advance of  technology,they have become more and more powerful. Scientists clearly know that misusing weapons will result in deaths, but they are still working towards more powerful weapons which can result in even more death. Why is this? Weapons lead to homelessness, disasters, sacrifices and death. This study of the development of landmines and laser weapons shows that technology can be used for destructive and immoral reasons. It is shocking to know that the USA, a peaceful nation and a member of the United Nations, has spent more than two-thirds of its research and development finance on military projects in the 1980s.
My personal experience has inspired in me a lot of understanding of this issue. In today's society, communication and transport are significant features. Over the last decade, their developments in technology are rapidly increasing. People who want to go to other  countries can travel by airplane; and people who want to communicate with friends overseas can use the telephone, fax or Internet. Not only in Australia, but also in other developing countries, Internet has become more and more common. With the use of Internet, I can now travel all over the world without stepping out of my door. Most importantly, a large amount of money is saved and having Internet is important to me. Internet has taken communication a further step: all information is totally accessible to any who owns this form of technology. It opens up a new international community which is positive and should lead to a peaceful modern world.
So in this world today, technology is perhaps the most important driving force of oursociety, creating dilemmas concerning life and death, changing nature with genetic engineering, developing such immoral weapons and the instant advantages of using Internet.

Smart Technology: Predictable, Planned, Proactive

As news of a weakened economy continues to saturate the media and bombard business owners with negative messages, one company has found a creative way of adapting its services to fit within the current economic conditions and help businesses succeed. 

Miles Technologies, a provider of business technology solutions, has created Monthly Budget Plans that allow customers to budget their technology-related expenses without having to commit to a long term contractual agreement.


According to Chris Miles, Chief Executive Officer of Miles Technologies, the company’s Monthly Budget Plans integrate separate services into one managed services package.  In a single plan a customer can select business services that include IT Help Desk & Support, Business Software Support, Website Updates, and Online Marketing and Public Relations, as well as strategic consulting for all services.


Miles says that the Monthly Budget Plans were developed as a way to help customers continue productive business operations within the unsteady economic conditions by making managed services more cost effective.


“The Monthly Budget Plans were specifically designed with flexibility in mind,” explains Miles.  “Most managed services providers require that customers sign a contract committing them to a certain monthly fee with a two to three year contract term.  They lock in the customer which lowers the need to provide exceptional service in order to retain the customer. We’re different in that we do not require any specified length to the contract and they can cancel at any time. This way, the customer is using our services because we add value and not because of a contract term. We also allow for month-to-month flexibility in the plans in terms of both the level of services provided and the costs for those services.”


To further ensure the practicality of its monthly budget plans, Miles Technologies offers a one hour guaranteed response time for all budget plan customers 24 hours a day and seven days a week.  In addition, customers may roll over any unused monthly budget time from month to month.

“We customize each budget plan in order to empower our customers with the best technology available for their businesses,” says Miles.  “These plans are meant to provide a complete realm of services, from supporting a custom software application to identifying and resolving network issues before they result in downtime.”


According to Miles, the costs of outsourced IT services are easily justified when compared with the costs of a full time IT staff or the costs of unnecessary system downtime.  He emphasizes that the predictability of the newly developed Monthly Budget Plans make the services especially realistic in the current economy.


Miles reports that the Monthly Budget Plans have been met with significant enthusiasm from customers.  “Our main goal is to exhaust all possible options for helping our customers thrive in these conditions,” Miles says.  “We are looking out for their businesses and trying to help them understand technology’s full potential so that they can make the best business decisions possible.  In short, if our customers succeed, then we have succeeded.”

Vitalspring Technologies

VitalSpring Technologies Inc - VitalSpring Technologies
There are also important similarities. Both optometrists and ophthalmologists treat patients with medications, optical aids and eye exercises; orthoptists treat using optical aids and eye exercises. All are required to participate in ongoing continuing education courses to maintain licensure and stay current on the latest standards of care.

Sreedhar Potarazu Md : If there is a unilateral small pupil with normal reactivity to light, it is unlikely that a neuropathy is present. However, if accompanied by ptosis of the upper eyelid, this may indicate Horner's syndrome.

If there is a small, irregular pupil that constricts poorly to light, but normally to accommodation, this is an Argyll Robertson pupil.

VitalSpring Co
Gray eyes have less melanin than blue eyes,

VitalSpring Technologies Co :Clinical developments at Moorfields and the founding of the Institute of Ophthalmology by Sir Stewart Duke Elder established the site as the largest eye hospital in the world and a nexus for ophthalmic research.

VitalSpring Technologies Co In the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth countries like India, those training for the medical profession complete either a 5-6 year course or an accelerated 4-year graduate entry course that leads to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, MBChB, or other similar abbreviation)

VitalSpring Technologies Inc Co Like most professions, optometry education, certification, and practice is regulated in most countries. Optometrists and optometry-related organizations interact with governmental agencies, other health care professionals, and the community to deliver eye and vision care. Optometry is one of four eye care professions, the others being Ophthalmology (which is a branch of surgery) Opticians and Orthoptics (a sub-specialty of ophthalmology primarily dealing with strabismus).

TOPS Technologies Pvt. Ltd. - Technology Training, Outsourcing and Placement Services

T - Training

TOPS Technologies is a Technology Training, Outsourcing and Placement Company, offering a wide array of solutions customized for a range of key verticals and horizontals in the Software Technologies segment. From customized corporate training in .Net, PHP, Java, Software Testing, and Soft-skills to Live Project Training for the implementation of the right tools for enterprise wide planning, software development and Testing, TOPS service portfolio encompasses the entire range of solutions required by the IT industry. Our training methodology in ASP.Net, PHP, Java, and Software Testing (Manual, QTP, Loadrunner, Winrunner, Selenium) includes intensive theory and live project training for all students. We also offer placement services to fresher and experienced professionals in Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat and Rajkot. We have offices in Chicago, Ahmedabad and Baroda (Vadodara), Rajkot and Surat Gujarat. We get students from all Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Surat, Baroda, Dahod, Udaipur (Rajasthan), Jaipur (Rajasthan), Indore (Madhya Pradesh).

O - Outsourcing

We are an information technology services company that leverages deep industry and functional expertise, leading technology practices, and an advanced, global delivery model to help clients transform their highest-value business processes and improve their business performance. TOPS defines, designs and delivers technology-enabled business solutions that help Global companies win in an ever-competitive world. TOPS provides a complete range of services by leveraging our domain and business expertise and strategic alliances with leading technology providers. The company's professionals excel in enterprise solutions, supply chain management, client relationship management, business intelligence, business process quality, engineering and product life cycle management, and infrastructure services, among other key capabilities.

P - Placement

You can count on TOPS Technologies for software professional you might need. We always have .Net, PHP, Java, Software testing, SEO and Web Designing professionals waiting for their next job. From .Net, Java, PHP, Testing SEO and Web Design freshers to experienced professionals we can provide all at reasonable rates. Whether you need additional support for a week or for a year, we understand you need more than someone who simply has the software development ability to get the job done.

S - Services

TOPS takes over the support, maintenance, enhancement and evolution of your entire application portfolio, in addition to delivery of some or all infrastructure functions.

VitalSpring Technologies Inc

VitalSpring Technologies Co - VitalSpring
Iris color can provide a large amount of information about an individual, and a classification of various colors may be useful in documenting pathological changes or determining how a person may respond to various ocular pharmaceuticals.

VitalSpring Company : The American Optometric Association (AOA) represents optometrists nationally in the USA. Prior to admittance into optometry school, optometrists typically complete four years of undergraduate study, culminating in a bachelor's degree. Required undergraduate coursework for pre-optometry students covers a variety of health, science and mathematics courses. These courses include: 4 semesters of chemistry to include organic and biochemistry, 2 semesters of physics, biology, 1 semester of calculus, and 1 semester of statistics. Additional requirements may be imposed by specific institutions.

VitalSpring Technologies Company
Galen remedied some mistakes including the curvature of the cornea and lens, the nature of the optic nerve, and the existence of a posterior chamber. Though this model was roughly a correct but simplistic modern model of the eye, it contained errors. Yet it was not advanced upon again until after Vesalius.

Sreedhar Potarazu : Also ophthalmoscopy and gonioscopy examinations can also be performed through the slit lamp when combined with special lenses. These lenses include the Goldmann 3-mirror lens, gonioscopy single-mirror/ Zeiss 4-mirror lens for (ocular) anterior chamber angle structures and +90D lens, +78D lens, +66D lens & Hruby (-56D) lens, the examination of retinal structures is accomplished.

Dr Sreedhar Potarazu In German language-speaking countries, the word Doktor always refers to a research doctorate awardee, and is distinct from Arzt, a medical practitioner. An Arzt who holds the Dr. med. degree is addressed as Herr Doktor; an Arzt who does not would simply be Herr. This rule has been weakened recently, and people (e.g. in Austria) refer to medical practitioners as Doktor too.

VitalSpring The next development in optical theory came in 1899 when Max Planck correctly modeled blackbody radiation by assuming that the exchange of energy between light and matter only occurred in discrete amounts he called 

How Technology is the Key to development

How Technology is the key to development in Africa,

By Ocean Marambanyika, University of Oslo, Norway.

Anyone who denies this will do so at their own peril. Technology is the single most important lever for development. There is no other thing that rivals the power of technology to empower and bring people out of poverty, hunger, desperation and the calamities in the developing worlds.  Why is it that those who dominate are continuing to dominate today? Is it not technology that makes them do so? If one group from the Americans and one from the Kenyans or one from Great Britain and one from Zimbabwe are asked to make a boxing or physical fight with bare hands, who will win?  If these groups are asked to fight with spears and arrows, who will win? If these groups are asked to run for a thousand kilometers on their legs, who will win? At the same time if we substitute the legs, the bare hands and the boxing court with drones, F16 fighter jets, the trident, submarines, cyber space, rockets and the concode, who will win the race? It is clear therefore that it is technological innovation that is the key to prosperity and development.

Is Technology more important than Climate and democracy?

Yes technological innovations are harmful to the environment. But not all of them are harmful to the climate. It is the duty of technology to make alternative energies which are environmental friendly. The total answer that lies in technology does not dismiss the significance of aspects like democracy and human rights. Democracy and human rights respect is a purely basic requirement in human survival. The need for democracy and human rights respect is the same as the natural right to life. To make that life enjoyable it is technology that is the key. It is technological innovation which brings prosperity and thereby strengthening the basis for democracy. When a nation enjoys prosperity, it has more to lose by ignoring democracy. Well of technologically developed nations fear war because it robes them of their middle class status and the comfort realized through technological innovations.  Examples from Europe, North America and most western nations are there to prove this. After World War II most nations in Europe realized the scourge of war and designed the United Nations system to specifically deal with that issue. The UN Charter clearly states that having experienced the scourge of war, the UN is therefore set up to promote international peace and security. The technological developments that have happened since then have been tremendous and they have been critical in preventing a major Third World War, at least thus far.

But Technology can also kill

That technology is deadly is undeniable. Future wars might be conducted from bedrooms and riverside beaches. Drones can just do the job. Whilst others will be managing drones from the comforts of their multi story buildings, others will be victims to such technologies. Such are the dangers of technological innovations. But can technology act as a deterrent to those who threaten real international security and order? That is a grand slam question to answer. Technology provides both opportunities- to destruct, deter and sometimes it can mercilessly annihilate. Can such dangers dismiss the significance of technology in development? Definitely not. That is where democracy comes in. The liberal theorists postulate that democracies of the same kind will not fight each other. It means therefore that if all nations become democracies, then technological innovations will not be a threat to anyone. What is democracy and to whom, one might ask. All those who joined the UN and signed its international instruments on human rights have an obligation to respect what they signed. If all nations respect their obligations under international laws, then there will be no debate on what democracy is in reality. Implementing the UN led international laws is enough to fulfill practical requirements for democracy and thereby closing theoretical arguments about what democracy is.

Technology and the future for Africa

Make no mistake. It is technology and technology only that can lift regions like Africa from the challenges of development. Huge resources in Africa cannot be extracted without embracing and courting technological knowhow from those who have it. In addition to importing technology, African nations need also to be innovative and invent technological requirements that fit their situations. Most countries in Africa sleep and play on top of vast natural resources that can instantly transform their lives from poverty to prosperity. Why do they sit and sleep on top of resources? It is because they lack technological capabilities to detect and extract those resources. Why can Africa not become a global superpower? It is because it does not have the technology to make advanced submarines, drones, super jumbos and air to surface missiles that act as deterrents. Technology is therefore the king.

Mark this!

 If all developing nations get this right and make efforts to invest in technological innovations, then they are totally assured that future generations will have a life to live. Future generations will credit the current generations for what they will enjoy. Failure to invest in technology is a disservice to children of the future.

By Ocean Marambanyika

Expert on Peace, History, Development and Conflict Studies

University of Oslo (Graduate), Norway

TECHNOLOGY MARKETING The P's and Q's

TECHNOLOGY MARKETING – P's and Q's

By

VIKRAM KARVE

The Law of the Hammer

"Give a child a hammer, and the child will use it on everything encountered."

This is the law of the hammer and this seems to be the leitmotif of the technology marketing scene in the Indian context today. And, in many cases, this approach seems to be succeeding, at least in the short term.

The premise is that the customer is buying technology for technology's sake, simply as a gimmick or to satisfy a perceived hedonistic need for novelty.

Addressing the human need for novelty is just one aspect of technology marketing, albeit an important one, and may yield rich dividends in the short term. However, a technological marketing strategy based solely on this approach is likely to be characterized by short market cycle, fast but unpredictable market penetration, and quick product obsolescence.

Success with high-tech products requires a confluence of technical understanding and marketing skills.

The P's and Q's of Marketing

Marketing is something which the producer or manufacturer has to do, or get done; it is not conferred on his product as if by right.

Marketing can be defined as "getting into the heads of your customers, identifying what they want, and giving it to them".

Marketing, therefore, is addressing a need or a desire.

In the case of conventional products, the general need or desire is well known.

With new technological possibilities, the need or desire that is addressed is not always obvious. Therefore, in the care of new technology products, the technological marketer may have to take one step backwards to identify the fundamental role that his product can fulfill in the marketplace.

This fundamental approach can be modeled as "The P's and Q's of Marketing".

The six P's are: People, Product, Place, Price, Packaging, Promotion.

The three Q's are: Quality, Quantity, Quickness.

The first step in technological marketing is to identify the role of technology in the new product, and hence how the PRODUCT relates to PEOPLE.

Technology can have four roles in new products. It can be the product itself, it can increase availability, can enhance distribution, and it can be present in the promotion.

•       The technology can be the Product itself. Technological inventions or innovations may lead to a revolutionary or exclusive which creates a dominant niche in the market [Examples: Mobile Phones (cell-phones), PC, Laptop, Walkman, Radial Tyre, Digital Technologies]

•       The technology can be in the Availability. A historical example is the gramophone record, which made available to the masses the virtuoso performance of the musical masters. People bought music. The technology is simply an enabling mechanism. Previously, the masses could have had access to some of the music only by attending live performances which was neither always feasible nor affordable. A more recent example Direct to Home (DTH) Television services. Thus, modern technologies make available desires that previously could not be met economically or practically.

•       The technology can be in the Distribution. For example, Internet has revolutionized the whole approach of marketing, banking [with instantaneous electronic transfer of money], with increasing online sales. Hence, it is imperative today that manufacturers design their marketing strategy keeping the Internet in mind.

•       The technology can be in the Promotion. The image of a traditional product can be subtly changed by the means of presenting it, using modern packaging and design technologies, combined with high-tech advertising, promotional, marketing and sales techniques.

The Q's relate to the ways in which technology can transform the availability and distribution of products aimed at fulfilling existing human needs.

•       For example, in the Indian context, the advent of Japanese and Korean technology made possible greatly increased QUALITY of automobiles and two wheelers (motorcycle, scooters) and therefore has expanded the availability of efficient quality cars and two wheelers in the Indian Market. The same is the case with most consumer, entertainment and household items. The technological marketer can often identify an existing need or desire for quality goods, and use technology to develop a quality product for this wider market.

•       The QUANTITY of attractive jewelry has been expanded with technological developments in the production of diamond simulants like cubic zirconia. Other examples include Digital Storage Technologies, Digital Quartz Watches, Automation Technologies, Agriculture, Dairy and Food Processing Technologies. Technology can often make possible products for that mass market that emulate up-market consumption without threatening the elite market place.

•       Today, satellite technology allows sports events to be simultaneously observed on television throughout the world; in fact, it facilitates instantaneous worldwide video, telephone, or data transmission, which evidence the way in which technology can improve QUICKNESS. At first, messages could be transmitted and received by the postal service (transportation technology), then telegram (telecommunication technology) and now Satellite and Information and Communication technologies [ICT] have made the communication process instantaneous [real-time].  Microwave Ovens are another example of how technology can improve QUICKNESS.

A Model for Technological Marketing

Technological Marketing focuses on inducing substitution, or seducing the buyer to purchase the new product or service.

However, it would be wise to remember that seductive propositions can cause unplanned babies. In the technological marketplace unplanned babies take the form of unexpected outcomes that offer new and potentially exciting product and service opportunities.

"Unplanned Babies" come out of using technology to ‘modernize' something that has a well-established place in everyday life. One very common example is the use of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). The original idea was that machines would carry out the age-old cash dispensing function more efficiently [The initial aim of the ATM was to use new technology to automate an old function carried out manually by bank tellers – cash dispensing].

A new way of doing things is always subtly different from what has been done before.

ATMs changed two things – where the cash was available, and when. These two aspects caused a fundamental change in the utility of the service received by customers. For the first time they could get cash 24/7 round the clock, off working hours, and away from bank premises. This indeed was a major new bank service. The customers were so delighted, demanded more and more and the banks were totally taken a back – they had not foreseen that automated cash dispensing machines could in fact produce a new service and they kept on enhancing value-added-services to the ATMs.

ATMs are now seen to be more than mere cash dispensing machines. Customers use ATMs to recharge their mobile phone pre-paid connections, pay their utility bills, even mutual fund transactions – making them at par with flexibility given in internet banking – only more secure.

This is an example of a new technology used for the old purpose giving rise to a new market situation. Microprocessor technology, VLSI and Nano Technologies are other examples of unexpected multi-dimensional changes leading to a large range of new products embodying multifarious market desires.

The progressive marketer stands back, looks at such a situation from a distance and reappraises it objectively, since it gives him the opportunity to get a much deeper understanding of the real needs and desires of the market-place.

In a nutshell, technology marketing comprises analyzing existing market demands, addressing these existing demands through technology, reappraising and redefining market needs and desires in the light of response to new technology, and accordingly fine tuning products for the developing market-place.

VIKRAM KARVE

Copyright © Vikram Karve 2010

Vikram Karve has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work.

TECHNOLOGY - An Essay

TECHNOLOGY

An Essay

By

VIKRAM KARVE




DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGY


In our everyday lives, most of us use a number of words that we assume have a universal, agreed-upon, and accepted meaning for all people in all contexts.

Often, the more frequently the word is used, the more we take for granted that our usage is the only possible usage of the term.

One such popular word freely bandied about and very much in-vogue jargon now-a-days is “technology”.

Let us explore the meaning of the word “technology”.

The word "technology" comprises two parts - "technikos" & "ology"

The historical derivation of the term technology comes from the Greek word technikos, meaning “of art, skillful, practical.”

The portion of the word ology indicates“knowledge of” or a “systematic treatment of.”

Thus, the literal verbatim derivation of the term technology is literally “knowledge of the skilful and practical.”

However, this definition is too general in nature and we have to transcend this narrow view of technology since every technology starts from a human purpose, from the intention to satisfy some human need or behaviour.

Indeed, technology is the manipulation of nature for human purpose – yes, manipulation of nature, so let us use a slightly different definition of technology.

We will define technology as the knowledge of the manipulation of nature for human purposes.

This definition retains the notions of both knowledge and practicality (human purposes) but adds the new concept of manipulation of nature.

This implies that all practical or technical skills ultimately derive from alterations or manipulation of nature.

Technology depends on a base in the natural world (Science) but extends the natural world through the phenomenon of manipulation (Engineering).

Since we want to manipulate nature, the ability to predict what nature will do when manipulated is most useful, indeed imperative.



ETHICS OF TECHNOLOGY


By our very definition, technology manipulates nature for human purposes.

Technology manipulates nature.

Man is a part of nature.

By manipulating nature, man manipulates himself.

Thus, technology manipulates man, influences, even governs human behaviour, and in turn impinges on societal behaviour, traditions and culture.

Technology is an entity that intervenes in the life of human beings in multifarious ways, directly or indirectly, trying to alter behaviours.

Thus, Technology has an Ethical Dimension.

The very raison d’etre of technology is human purpose.

What is the fundamental purpose of human life?

Is it to increase standard of living?

Is it to improve quality of life?

Or is it to have greater satisfaction in life?

We can distill all these various aspects into a single holistic concept: VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE.

Thus, the cardinal aim of technology is to enhance the value of human life.



TECHNOLOGY and the VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE

Let us define the value of human life as the balance or ratio between satisfaction or happiness and pain or suffering.

In the context of this definition, the ultimate purpose of technology is to enhance the value of human life, with a long-term perspective, by maximization of happiness and satisfaction and a concomitant reduction or minimization of pain and suffering (physical, mental and emotional).

As a generalization, people want a better life.

A better life may usually mean things like freedom from want, access to and possession of at least some of the “nonessentials”, comforts or luxuries, good health, a reasonable life expectancy, the absence of emotional stress, satisfying human relations (resulting from gratifying work experience and meaningful interpersonal relationships), intellectual stimulation, and personally rewarding leisure activities.


HUMAN NEEDS and VALUES


Human needs and values change through time as technology advances.

Man tends to accept the fruits of new technology more readily (satisfaction, happiness, comfort) whereas he is reluctant to accept changes in his personal life.

Thus, social and cultural changes always lag behind technology causing a mismatch and disconnect which consequently leads to unhappiness, dissatisfaction, pain and suffering (emotional) and concomitant lowering of the value of human life.

A crude but practical way of classifying human values is to divide needs into those that are essentially physiological and those that are psychological.

Most new technologies cater to the physiological aspect by performing Dangerous, Dirty, or Difficult jobs (the 3 D’s) thereby enhancing the value of human life.

As regards the psychological aspect, an example pertaining to Information Technology (IT) may be in order.

Information Technology (IT) caters to two unique categories of psychological needs of humans:

Cognitive Needs – which refer to the human need for information so as to be ready to act or make decisions that may be required, and

Affective Needs – which refer to the emotional requirements of human, such as their need to do challenging work, to know their work has value, to feel personally secure, and to be in control.

Undue emphasis on cognitive needs and consequent neglect of affective needs may cause emotional pain that counterbalances the gains from technology and this may be detrimental to the “value of human life” as a whole.

TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Effects and Consequences of Technology

In our haste to milk technology for immediate economic advantage, we often lose sight of the long-term consequences: the higher order and indirect effects, especially the delayed and unintended effects of technology.

The Sorenson multiple effect network methodology is a useful technique for an analyzing the impact and consequences of technology.

Let us introduce the term malefit to represent harmful effects and consequences of a technology in contrast with benefit as a useful output.

We may categorize the consequences of a technology [Effects vs Consequences] as:

EFFECTS CONSEQUENCES

(i)         First Order                  :           Benefits

(ii)        Second Order              :           Direct Malefits

(iii)       Third Order                 :           Indirect Malefits

(iv)       Fourth Order               :           Unintended Malefits

(v)        Fifth Order                  :           Delayed Malefits

Such analyses definitely help in assessing the impact of various consequences of a technology on the value of human life in the long-term perspective in holistic manner.

Early identification of factors detrimental to the value of human life may prove useful in technology impact assessment to reduce mismatches and smoothen out incongruities.

CONCLUSION

We must not lose sight of our basic premise that the cardinal aim of technology is to increase the value of human life by maximising happiness and minimising suffering.

Ethical Technology Management comprises a harmonious blend of rational thinking and empathic understanding wherein one studies, analyses and mitigates the conflicting interplay between human cognitive and affective processes.

It may be apt to conclude with a comment by RM Pirsig, who states that, “The way to solve the conflict between human values and technological needs is not to run away from technology. That is impossible. The way to resolve the conflict is to break down the barriers of dualistic thought that prevent a real understanding of what technology is… not an exploitation of nature, but a fusion of nature and the human spirit into a new kind of creation that transcends both”.



VIKRAM KARVE

Copyright © Vikram Karve 2009
Vikram Karve has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work.